A recent post on Lifehacker discussed techniques for successful B&W digital photography. Many commenters argued about the benefits of shooting on overcast days and RAW vs. JPEG, but I tried to point out that the most memorable and interesting B&W images we see (fine art, portraiture, commercial photography, etc.) have had local contrast and density adjustments, known as dodging and burning in the darkroom world.

Ansel Adams once said that a B&W negative is like the musical score of a symphony, and the resulting print is the performance. (Adams was actually a highly trained pianist that could have had a career as a professional musician — seriously!) As in music, the raw material present in the negative (or RAW file) is artistically interpreted by the photographer to make a final print that communicates emotionally with the viewer. Dodging and burning are key tools that Adams, and every B&W photographer of note before or since, have used to achieve that goal.

My own photography took a noticeable leap forward when I learned how to dodge and burn effectively — leading the viewer’s eye around the image, emphasizing key elements and diminishing others. A number of books and websites helped with that learning process (which I believe applies equally to film and digital photography) and I’ve listed a few of them here.

• Books by the UK photographer Eddie Ephraums. I learned a lot from his mid-1990s text Creative Elements, which takes the viewer from straight proof prints to finished products, showing how he creates interest and drama. I highly recommend this one, especially to 35mm photographers — almost all of the examples in Creative Elements were shot on 35mm Ilford XP2 Super (a chromogenic-process B&W film that anyone can use).
• Ansel Adams’ Examples, which provides a huge amount of detail on the making of some of his best-known images. The sheer number of individual manipulations he made on some of this work is mind-boggling — Adams definitely had an eye for fine detail.
• The website of contemporary photographer Rolfe Horn. He provides a number of technical examples in the style of Ephraums and Adams, showing how he aligns his darkroom work with his creative goals. (Check out the galleries, too.)

Any more? Add them in the comments!

As the years go by, good digital cameras are getting cheaper and cheaper, but dedicated film scanners are becoming more scarce. Konica-Minolta folded a few years back, leaving Nikon (and a few low-end manufacturers) as the only significant player in the dedicated film scanner business. At the same time, Epson keeps rolling out improved versions of their flatbed scanners, many of which are capable of really nice results. Questions about how to best scan negatives pop up on the forums all the time, so I thought I’d collect some useful links in one post.

• Scantips.com — Scantips covers the basics on how scanners work, what the important specifications are, and how to do good basic scanning.
  
• NormanKoren.com — Norman’s site has been providing useful info on film scanning and the digital darkroom for a very long time (it was once one of the only places to get this kind of info on the Web). There are good discussions on scanning and dynamic range.
• Scanning Film Made Easy — from PopPhoto.com. A lengthy article outlining the relative merits of flatbeds and dedicated film scanners; it also addresses some of the technical limitations of scanners.
• Thoughts on Scanning — from Larry Bolch. Larry’s article is aimed at people thinking of scanning a large archive of slides or negatives. He argues that scanning at the maximum resolution isn’t always the best idea, and gives suggestions for streamlining the workflow.
• Getting the Most from Your Scanner — from Paul Butzi. Paul addresses the issue of scanning in grayscale vs. colour using his own equipment. In my own work, I haven’t found that scanning in colour provides any advantage (for B&W negs, of course!) I suspect that every model of scanner is different in this regard.
• The Film Scanning forum — from HybridPhoto.com. There are a LOT of very good discussions here. Have a look through them before asking your own questions.

Any other suggestions? Add them in the comments!